The Good Old Days, When Psychologists Used to Hang Out in Toilet Stalls

Intrepid psychologists of the less regulated past used to carry out experiments that put not only their subjects, but themselves (or at least their research assistants) in harm's way. While it was the participants who got the short end of the stick in the likes of Milgram's electric shock experiment, other experiments called for researchers to do audacious things that would probably get them arrested today. For example, one experiment [subscription required] from the 1970s called for the researcher to loiter inside a toilet stall and use a periscope to secretly watch men doing their business at the urinals. The purpose of the study was to find out what causes paruresis, or "shy bladder syndrome." The researcher used a stopwatch to measure delay time and urination time while an accomplice, another researcher, stood at an adjacent urinal or one farther away. The study concluded that invasions of personal space caused ...