The chicken industry has been remarkably effective in breeding efficient egg-layers and plump-breasted broilers, but a new study says that focus has created a chicken population that lacks genetic diversity, leaving the birds more vulnerable to diseases. The study found that industrial chickens have lost about half of the genetic variations once found in the wild chicken populations, and some have lost 90 percent of those genes.
This means most of the world's chickens lack characteristics that evolved when they lived in the wild, and may be useful again to help them face stress and disease as livestock. Scientists want to breed DNA for traits such as disease resistance, or "animal well-being", back into commercial birds without introducing undesirable traits at the same time [New Scientist].
Researchers say the biggest concern is that if commerical chickens are nearly identical genetically they'll all be susceptible to the same infectious diseases, and an outbreak of of a ailment like avian flu could devastate the entire industry.
All white egg-laying chickens in the U.S. are derived from the white Leghorn breed, whereas all chickens grown for meat, known as broilers, derive from the British Cornish, or Indian, game breed. Winnowing the genetic code has allowed farmers to meet the current global demand of 61 metric tons of meat and more than 55 million metric tons of eggs—an increase in production of 436 percent since 1970 [Scientific American].
In the study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [subscription required], lead researcher Bill Muir argues that what's needed
is an infusion of genetic material from chickens outside the industry, especially those bred by small farmers in the developing world. The standards of commercial farming won't be easy to crack, but it's necessary. "This will take much time and effort," said Muir, "but it's an insurance policy on the future" [Wired News].
But it will be a hard sell, as introducing breeds of slower-growing chickens would interfere with the fast profits of commercial farming. Related Content: 80beats: Global Warming Could Bring a Surge in 12 Deadly Diseases 80beats: Ignored Strain of Bird Flu Could Lead to a Pandemic… of Light Sneezing DISCOVER: The Science of Avian Flu Image: flickr / Katie@!
