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The First Organisms to Blaze Trails

Half a billion years ago, a creature slithered across the seafloor for the first time. It may have launched an evolutionary arms race.

Paleontologists gather around fossil traces left by some of the first creatures to move themselves across Earth’s surface.Ruth Schowalter

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It is impossible to fully appreciate the value of a trail until you have been forced to walk through the wilderness without one. There is a practical reason why, for more than a thousand years, after the fall of Rome and before the rise of Romanticism, little was more abhorrent to the European mind than the prospect of a “pathless” or “tangled” wilderness. Pathless wildernesses still exist in the modern world, and at least some have retained their power to elicit dread. I have visited one such place. It lay on the northern rim of a glacial fjord called Western Brook Pond, on the island of Newfoundland, in Canada’s easternmost province. If you want to be taught (however harshly) the blessing of a well-marked trail, go there.

To cross the fjord’s stygian waters, I had to hire a ferryboat. On the far side of the fjord, the captain dropped me ...

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