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What Is the Rarest Fish in the World? The Devils Hole Pupfish

Devils hole pupfish have evolved to survive extremely warm water temperatures. But is climate change threatening the existence of the rarest fish in the world?

By Holly Secon
May 11, 2022 5:30 PMAug 23, 2023 3:51 PM
Two Devils Hole Pupfish - the rarest fish in the world
(Credit: Olin Feuerbacker. USFWS Pacific Southwest Region/Flickr)

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A rocky outcropping in the middle of the hottest place on Earth and the driest stretch of land in North America is hardly the place you’d expect to find fish.

But a group of tiny, shimmery fish frolic seemingly without a care in the famous Devils Hole in the Death Valley desert.

Devils Hole Pupfish

The narrow cavern is filled with shockingly clear water that’s regularly 93 degrees Fahrenheit with dangerously low oxygen levels. Indeed, the bottomless geothermal pool that gives the Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) their name — plus some frisky mating behavior that resembles puppies playing — is the narrowest geographic range of any vertebrate. And with only 175 total fish at last count, they’re the rarest fish on the planet.

Cyprinodon macularius (Credit: /Getty Images
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