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How Similar are Siblings? What Makes Us Different?

How genetically similar are siblings? Geneticists and developmental psychologists share the factors that make us different.

BySofia Quaglia
Siblings getting along; they may share different personalities.Credit: Alicen Lum/Shutterstock

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It’s obvious to many of us — whether we’re an only child or not — that siblings are often different from each other.

Judy Dunn, emeritus professor of developmental psychology at Kings College London, and Robert Plomin, professor of behavioral genetics at the same institution, were among the first scholars to start empirically questioning why this happens. Drawing from differences they noticed in Dunn’s children, over the past 30 years, they’ve tested siblings’ variations in character and personality.

Finally, it seems they — and other experts in the field — have gotten closer to the answer as to why, even identical twins who live under the same roof, can sometimes end up completely different in character.

Genetics usually predicts how siblings will be different. “Because you and your brother are 50 percent similar genetically, that means you're also 50 percent different genetically,” says Plomin.

If it were this easy, siblings ...

  • Sofia Quaglia

    Sofia Quaglia is a freelance journalist writing about all things science and how we talk about it. Her work has appeared in the New York Times, National Geographic, The Guardian, New Scientist, and more. She’s on a mission to visit the entire planet by spending each month in a different country, so she’s been living on the road since 2021.

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