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Climate Change Will Make El Niño and La Niña Stronger by 2030 — 40 Years Sooner Than Previously Thought

These changes could pose particular challenges for the astonishing creatures of the Galápagos Islands — epicenter of El Niño and La Niña.

An endangered Galápagos penguin, photographed in October on Santiago Island, just 25 miles south of the Equator in the Galápagos archipelago. This endangered endemic species is able to survive so far north because of cool ocean temperatures — which are even cooler than normal right now because of the La Niña climatic phenomenon.Credit: ©Tom Yulsman

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During a recent trip to the Galápagos Islands, I eagerly plunged into the equatorial waters, hoping to snorkel with sea turtles, sea lions, and maybe even penguins.

The possibility of swimming with penguins should have tipped me off that the toasty, tropical swim I was anticipating wasn't actually on offer. In fact, before too long, I was scrambling back into our dinghy — where I shivered uncontrollably for a good long while.

I eventually did get to see a penguin — the one in the photo above. I took its portrait on Santiago Island, 25 miles south of the Equator. These flightless sea-going birds, usually associated with Antarctica, are able to survive here in the tropics because of ocean currents that deliver deep, cold, nutrient-rich water to the Galápagos.

The La Niña climate phenomenon — now in its third year and projected to last through winter — has brought an ...

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