In just a few short years, the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 has infiltrated biology labs around the world. This summer, scientists working in a U.S. lab announced they’d used CRISPR to modify viable human embryos, which were kept alive just a few days. The research is a first in the United States, though scientists in China have conducted similar experiments.
This latest effort, led by researchers at Oregon Health and Science University, also succeeded in avoiding unintended effects — something that’s plagued other researchers. The team fixed a mutation by removing a disease-causing gene from an embryo. The repair, reported in August in Nature, corrected an inheritable heart condition, passed down by the embryo’s father, the study’s lone sperm donor.
In CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, a guide RNA sequence (green) helps Cas9 protein (purple) cut DNA at the correct spot. | Gunilla Elam/Science Source
“This embryo gene correction method — if proven safe — can potentially be used to prevent transmission of genetic disease to future generations,” says study co-author Paula Amato. Once it is proven safe, researchers hope to start clinical trials. That would mean implanting the gene-edited embryo into a woman and studying the genetically engineered child. If clinical trials don’t get FDA approval, study leader Shoukhrat Mitalipov says they would pursue them abroad.
Exactly how the mutation was fixed was surprising to Mitalipov’s team.
Explore All OptionsThey expected that their use of CRISPR would introduce a “template” to guide the DNA to fix the faulty gene. Instead, the embryo replaced the targeted bad gene with a healthy gene from the mother — a conclusion that’s been criticized by a group of prominent scientists. They questioned the mechanism involved in the repair of the mutation.
Sidebar: Scientists Urge Caution
Researchers should tread lightly when it comes to editing the genes of human embryos, according to guidelines handed down in February. The report — issued by dozens of experts convened by the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine — says so-called germline editing, in which genetic changes are passed to future generations, should happen only when there’s no “reasonable alternative” treatment. Doctors already can remove problematic embryos and implant healthy ones using in vitro fertilization. The panel also said the genes of embryos shouldn’t be edited for reasons other than treating or preventing disease or disability.
